How to Cite Something Again in Chicago
Chicago In-text Citations | Styles, Format and Examples
An in-text citation is used to bespeak readers toward whatever source yous quote, paraphrase or refer to in your writing. The Chicago Transmission of Style has 2 options for in-text citations:
- Writer-date: you put your citations in parentheses within the text itself.
- Notes and bibliography: you put your citations in numbered footnotes or endnotes.
You should choose one of these two citation options and use it consistently throughout your text. The source details are listed in full in a bibliography or reference list at the end.
Author-date citation example
(Woolf 1921, 11)
Footnote citation case
1. Woolf, "Mod Fiction," 11.
Which Chicago manner should y'all use?
First, you demand to determine whether y'all are using notes or author-date in-text citations. Yous can ordinarily find out from your instructor or syllabus which style you should use.
The notes and bibliography system is ordinarily preferred in humanities subjects like literature, history and the arts. The writer-date organisation is preferred in the sciences, including social sciences.
The styles are like in the information they nowadays, but they differ in terms of the society, location, and format of that information. It'due south of import to use one manner consistently, and non to confuse the two.
Author-engagement style places citations straight in the text in parentheses. In-text citations include the author's last name, the year of publication, and if applicative, a page number or folio range:
(Johnson 2016, 23)
This style of Chicago in-text citation looks the same for every type of source.
When using author-date, you lot should always include a reference listing with an entry corresponding to each citation. This provides the reader with total publication information to locate the source.
Where should citations announced in the text?
The author-engagement manner gives you some flexibility in where you identify your citations in the text.
About commonly, you will put the citation at the end of the relevant sentence (before the catamenia). You tin can also integrate it into the sentence. If you proper name the author in your sentence, you simply need to include the date and page number in parentheses.
One researcher argues that "the data is unconvincing" (Johnson 2016, 138). Nevertheless, Smith (2017, 121) contends that the study makes "a compelling case" for this plan of action.
Multiple citations can also be combined within 1 gear up of parentheses using a semicolon.
Other researchers (Dale 2018, 75–81; Valentine 2018) have weighed in on the topic more recently…
As you can see in the Valentine citation, it's not always necessary to include a page number – merely when you're referring to a specific role of the text. If you want to cite the text equally a whole, y'all can leave out the page number.
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Option 2: Citations in footnotes or endnotes
In notes and bibliography style, your citations appear in either footnotes or endnotes.
To create a Chicago footnote or endnote reference, a superscript number is placed at the end of the clause or sentence that the citation applies to, afterwards whatsoever punctuation (periods, quotation marks, parentheses). Your first citation is marked with a one, your second with a 2, and and then on.
Johnson argues that "the data is unconvincing."1 Withal, Smith contends that the study makes "a compelling case" for this program of action.2
These superscript numbers correspond to numbered footnotes or endnotes containing the actual citation.
Full notes and curt notes
In that location are two types of note yous can use in Chicago way: total and short.
- Full notes contain the total publication details of the source.
- Curt notes contain the author's final proper name, the championship (shortened if information technology is longer than four words), and the page number (if relevant).
You should normally use a full annotation the get-go time you cite each source. If you cite the same source more than in one case, use a curt annotation for each subsequent commendation. Yous may also employ "ibid." to repeat the citation from the previous note, but short notes are the more usual option.
The rules of your specific establishment may vary, requiring y'all to utilise one of the two note styles every time. It's important to check with your instructor if you're unsure.
This is what a full and brusque note for the aforementioned commendation might wait like:
one. Virginia Woolf, "Modernistic Fiction," in Selected Essays, ed. David Bradshaw (Oxford: Oxford Academy Press, 2008), eleven.
2. Woolf, "Modernistic Fiction", 11.
The format of the note varies depending on the type of source. Beneath yous can see examples of a Chicago website citation, book citation, volume chapter commendation, and journal commodity citation.
Chicago footnote commendation examples
This is an example of a full note,1 and this is an instance of a shortened note.two
| 1. Courtney Gahan, "How to Paraphrase Sources," Scribbr, Apr xviii, 2018, https://www.scribbr.com/citing-sources/how-to-paraphrase/. |
| ii. Gahan, "How to Paraphrase Sources." |
Notes: If the publication engagement is unknown, add together the engagement y'all accessed the information (east.g accessed on March 12, 2019).
This is an instance of a full note,3 and this is an example of a shortened note.4
| 3. Stephen Covey, The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People, 3rd ed. (New York: Gratuitous Printing, 1989), 75–89. |
| iv. Covey, 7 Habits, 75–7. |
Notes: Add the URL for books consulted online.
This is an example of a total note,v and this is an example of a shortened note.6
| 5. Bob Stewart, "Wag of the Tail: Reflecting on Pet Ownership," in Enriching Our Lives with Animals, ed. John Jaimeson (Toronto: Petlove Press, 2007), 87. |
| 6. Steward, "Wag of the Tail," 88 |
Note: Begin the citation with the author of the affiliate. The editor of the book is listed after the title in a full annotation, and left out of a short annotation.
This is an example of a full note,seven and this is an example of a shortened note.eight
| 7. Hannes Datta, "The Challenge of Retaining Customers Acquired with Free Trials," Journal of Marketing Enquiry 52, no. ii (2015): 220, world wide web.jstor.org/stable/43832354. |
| 8. Datta, "Claiming of Retaining Customers," 220. |
Note: The page (range) in the notes indicates the page containing the relevant information, not the page range of the whole journal article.
Footnotes or endnotes?
Footnotes appear at the bottom of the page they refer to, while endnotes appear in their own section at the stop of the text, before the bibliography.
The commendation looks exactly the same whether it appears in a footnote or an endnote. If you haven't been told which one to use, the option is a thing of personal preference. The of import thing is to consistently use one or the other.
Citing sources with multiple authors
In both styles, when you cite a source with ii or 3 authors, list the names in the guild they appear in the original publication:
(Johnson and Smith 2017, 119)
1. Johnson, Smith, and Dale, "Literature Review," 127–134.
When a source has four or more authors, use the term "et al." after the first author'south name:
(Dale et al. 2016)
i. Dale et al., "Literature Review," 127–134.
Missing information in Chicago in-text citations
Sometimes, non all of the information you need for your commendation volition be available. Thankfully, there are ways to work around this in both styles.
No page number
Folio numbers are not always necessary; if the source doesn't have page numbers (e.grand. a website), or if you're referring to the general argument of a text instead of a specific passage, you can omit page numbers.
If a source has no page numbers but yous all the same want to specify a item part of the text, you can use other locators like paragraphs, capacity or headings instead – any markers the text provides:
(Johnson 2016, under "Results")
1. Johnson, "Literature Review," chap. two.ane.
No publication engagement
If the source doesn't accept a stated publication date, yous tin can write "northward.d." in place of the twelvemonth:
(Smith due north.d.)
i. Smith, Information Analysis (New York: Norton, n.d.), 293.
No author
If no specific author is listed, you lot can refer to the organization that published the source:
(Scribbr 2019)
1. Scribbr, "Chicago Manner Commendation."
Often asked questions about Chicago in-text citations
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